Penguin

         

Panda

Polar Bears

                                               

Polar bears are one of the living things on the earth. It lives on the poles of the earth. It is the largest carnivores on the earth. Polar bears are the last trophic level in the food chain. Polar bears have the thick fatty layer to keep them warm. Their have the white fur.

Human activities will lead to the extinction of polar bear. Global warming due to extensive use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), open burning, illegal logging and extensive burning of petrol.Global warming will cause the ozone layer to become thinner and thinner. This continuously cause the ultraviolet radiation passes down to earth. Global warming cause ice on north pole and south pole to melt. This lead to the extinction of wildlife on the two poles. 

As we are one of the living things on earth, we should play our roles to protect other living things from being extinction. We should use car pooling, ban illegal logging, stop to use chlorofluorocarbon and stop open burning. They have their rights to survive.

Birthday cake by parents...

Calligraphy

MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA

- Female Anopheles mosquitoes carry plasmodium .

- Life cycle require 2 hosts : human & mosquitoes .

- Life cycle of Plasmodium, including sporozoites, merozoites, and 

   gametocytes.

THE WAY HOW MALARIA IS TRANSFER FROM ONE 

HUMAN TO ANOTHER HUMAN BY THE FEMALE 

ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES

SEED GERMINATION

1.1 Epigeal germination

1.2 Hypogeal germination

1. Germination is the process by which the dormant embryo in a seed resumes growth ,       

    emergence of the radicle through testa , follow by growth of young shoot or plumule. 

2. Growth is a characteristic of all living organisms . Growth is a permanent irreversible increase     in size of an organism due to increase in its dry mass .

3. In order for the seed to germinate , the seed should imbibe / absorp water ( imbibition )      

    through micropyle and testa . 

4. Seed coat will swell and rupture .

5. Testa will break and allow seed to take in more H2O .

6. This cause oxygen available to develop embryo . 

7.  H2O is necessary to activate biochemical reactions .

8. H2O hydrolysis store food .

9. H2O dilute abscisic acid ( ABA ) in seed which act as growth inhibitors .

10. Suitable temperature , light and growth promoters are factors needed to break dormancy and 

      stimulate germination .

11. Activate embryo synthesis & release gibberellins ( plant hormone ) 

12. Germinating seedling emerges through the soil by epigeal germination or hypogeal      

      germination .

Sliding Filaments Theory of Muscles Contraction

1. An action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction .
2. Calcium ions enter into the synaptic knob triggering the release of neurotransmitters        
    (acetylcholine) from synaptic vesicles .
3. Acetylcholine diffuses across synapic cleft & depolarise the post-synaptic cell membrane 
    ( sarcolemma ) of muscle cells .
4. When threshold level exceed , an action potential is generated .
5. The action potential propagate along sarcolemma .
6. A wave of depolarisation spreads to the T tubules and to   
    sarcoplasmic reticulum .
7. This causes the voltage-gated calcium channels open and     
    calcium ions release from sarcoplasmic reticulum into      
    sarcoplasm .
8.  Ca²⁺ ions acts as trigger for muscle contraction .
9.  Ca²⁺ions bind to troponin molecules on thin actin filament .
10. Troponin changes shape and position .
11. This causes the thin tropomyosin filament moves away to one   
      side .
12. Thus, exposes the myosin binding sites on actin filament .
13. Myosin molecules in thick myosin filament has a head 
      containing ATPase which catalyses hydrolysis of ATP.
14. Myosin head ( ADP + phosphate ) now has a high energy 
      configuration .
15. Myosin head binds to the exposed site on actin molecules .
16. An actomyosin cross-bridge form .
17. ADP + phosphate now release from myosin head .
18. Myosin head returns to low-energy configuration .
19. Myosin head bends .
20. Propelling the actin filamentto slide past the myosin filament .
21. "Power stroke" occurs.
22. New ATP molecule binds to myosin head .
23. Myosin head detach from actin filament . ( in low-energy 
      configuration )

Uses of Group 2 Elements

1 . Barium release green light when heated .



2 . Calcium produce orange colour when heated .




3 . Strontium produce red light when heated .

Fireworks